This lets DeepStack avoid computing a complete strategy in advance, skirting the need for explicit abstraction.ĭuring re-solving, DeepStack doesn’t need to reason about the entire remainder of the game because it substitutes computation beyond a certain depth with a fast approximate estimate, DeepStack’s "intuition" – a gut feeling of the value of holding any possible private cards in any possible poker situation.įinally, DeepStack’s intuition, much like human intuition, needs to be trained. A fundamentally different approachĭeepStack is the first theoretically sound application of heuristic search methods-which have been famously successful in games like checkers, chess, and Go-to imperfect information games.Īt the heart of DeepStack is continual re-solving, a sound local strategy computation that only considers situations as they arise during play. However, to make this approach feasible in heads-up no-limit Texas hold’em-a game with vastly more unique situations than there are atoms in the universe-a simplified abstraction of the game is often needed. Until now, competitive AI approaches in imperfect information games have typically reasoned about the entire game, producing a complete strategy prior to play. Poker is the quintessential game of imperfect information, where you and your opponent hold information that each other doesn't have (your cards). AI research has a long history of using parlour games to study these models, but attention has been focused primarily on perfect information games, like checkers, chess or go. Games are serious businessĭon’t let the name fool you, “games” of imperfect information provide a general mathematical model that describes how decision-makers interact. Over all games played, DeepStack won 49 big blinds/100 (always folding would only lose 75 bb/100), over four standard deviations from zero, making it the first computer program to beat professional poker players in heads-up no-limit Texas hold'em poker. In a study completed December 2016 and involving 44,000 hands of poker, DeepStack defeated 11 professional poker players with only one outside the margin of statistical significance. ![]() Those that require more information on Hold'em may either write me or purchase one of the many books describing Hold'em in detail.About the Algorithm The first computer program to outplay human professionals at heads-up no-limit Hold'em poker The documentation has been written with the novice in mind. Although the rules may vary slightly between card clubs, you'll find that these apply to most games. Not all card clubs have the same exact rules as others. Hold'em was written to follow the general rules set forth in most of the card clubs. For the novice, you can learn how to play the game in the comfort of your own home or office ( assuming your boss is on vacation ). This computer game not only will give you hours of entertainment and enjoyment, but it will also allow you to sharpen up your skills as a Hold'em Poker player. With the popularity of Hold'em, more and more card clubs have been trying to legalize this form of poker in cities where card clubs are legalized. Hold'em is played in most of the major casinos as well as many card clubs in many states. "Welcome to Hold'em Poker, one of the most popular poker games found in Las Vegas, Nevada.
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